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You have full access to this open access article. Schistosomiasis, caused by the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni , is one of the WHO-listed neglected tropical diseases NTDs , and it has severe impact on morbidity and mortality, especially in Africa. Not only the adult worms but also their eggs are responsible for health problems.
We built up a database with infection markers found in livers of S. Most of them belong to the lipid classes of phosphatidylcholines PCs , phosphatidylethanolamines PEs , and triglycerides TGs.
Furthermore, enrichment and depletion of several markers were visualized. Infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni leads to severe health issues. The resulting disease schistosomiasis can occur in two different stages, an acute and a chronic form. During acute infection, patients typically suffer from non-specific symptoms such as fever, fatigue, malaise, and cough.
When the worms start to migrate, abdominal symptoms can occur [ 1 ]. Main symptoms of chronic infection are abdominal pain, diarrhea or bloody stool, and inflammation of inner organs such as the liver, spleen, and gut [ 2 ]. Humans infected with S. When the eggs enter fresh water, the first larval stage, miracidia hatch and infect their intermediate host, a snail of the genus Biomphalaria. Inside the snails, the parasite multiplies asexually and develops after 4 to 6 weeks to male and female cercariae, which are then released into water.
Cercariae penetrate the skin of their vertebrate host and migrate to the blood vessels. During this phase, cercariae transform into schistosomula and subsequently to adult schistosomes. In the portal vein of the liver, male and female worms mate and migrate as couples to the mesenteric veins of the gut, where they can live for up to 30 years.