Lebanon , [ b ] officially the Republic of Lebanon , [ c ] is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula , [ 11 ] it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west; Cyprus lies a short distance from the coastline. Lebanon has a population of more than five million and an area of 10, square kilometres 4, sq mi. Beirut is the country's capital and largest city.
Human habitation in Lebanon dates to BC. After the seventh century, it came under the rule of different Islamic caliphates , including the Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid.
The 11th century saw the establishment of Christian Crusader states , which fell to the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. Lebanon came under Ottoman rule in the early 15th century.
Under Ottoman sultan Abdulmejid I , the first Lebanese proto state , the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , was established as a home for Maronite Christians , as part of the Tanzimat reforms. By , Lebanon had gained independence from Free France and established a distinct form of confessional government , with the state's major religious groups being apportioned specific political powers.
The new Lebanese state was relatively stable, [ 14 ] but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War β Lebanon was also subjugated by two military occupations: Syria from to and Israel from to It has been the scene of several conflicts with Israel , of which the ongoing war marks the fourth Israeli invasion since Lebanon is a developing country , ranked th on the Human Development Index.
