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You have full access to this open access article. Adsorption using covalent organic frameworks COFs is very effective and favoured for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFAS from various matrices.
COFs have large specific surface areas and porosity, offering PFASs a host of adsorption sites and thus high adsorption capabilities. Direct and post-synthetic modification are the two main COF design methodologies. The general approach in constructing various frameworks involves the reaction of ion monomers with other neutral monomers.
For COFs, solvothermal synthesis is currently the main direct synthetic method. High-performance materials for PFAS remediation are created by researchers by customising COF characteristics and using suitable synthesis techniques. Covalent organic frameworks COFs are porous materials with regular pore structures, strong stability, and structural designability Abuzeid et al. COFs have outstanding selectivity for targets Tang et al. However, because of their innate hydrophobicity, they are more difficult to disperse in the extraction solution, which reduces the extraction efficiency Zeppuhar et al.
On the other hand, iCOFs overcome the drawbacks of fluorine-functionalised COFs due to their excellent dispersion in the extraction solution in addition to their ability to adsorb PFASs. However, they frequently suffer from a lack of selectivity when trying to recover trace PFASs from complicated mixtures Zeppuhar et al.
Synthesis of bifunctional COFs with both fluorine and quaternary ammonium groups is very desirable to overcome these obstacles. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFAS are a class of man-made chemicals composed of hundreds of molecules. They have strong carbonβfluorine linkages, which make them exceedingly stable, resistant to degradation Ross et al. PFAS have been widely employed in industrial and consumer products because of their unique qualities, which include water and oil resistance, chemical stability, and surfactant capabilities Ross et al.